VI. Methodology 

For as much consistency as there was among candidate materials in the 2010 midterm election graphics coded, there were several areas where the materials provided no trend. In order to understand if a graphical formula existed that would lead to branding success, these areas of subtle differences design elements, seemingly split equally in use by campaigns, became the focus of the 21 experiment. 

Other research methods could have been used to obtain this information. Case studies of past campaign materials could have been the focus of the primary research. A more complex content analysis that studied a greater number campaigns or qualitative research through interviews could have been used to attain the same information. However, according to Brader, the use of an experiment allows the political scientist to more effectively rule out potential interferences by tightly controlling conditions and through randomization (Brader 2005, 391). For experiments such as this one that are attempting to understand emotion and preference, Brader suggests that conducting an experiment is the most practical way to capture a complete and accurate understanding of participants reactions.

Fashioning Female Identities and Political Resistance in Contemporary Chile.
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During the last few decades, the act of remembering, of reconstructing and reevaluating image, has fueled political dialogues in Chile. The political role of fashion cannot be denied as an organizing agent, especially during the country’s seventeen-year dictatorship and into its transition to democracy. This article, through the application of fashion theories, explores women’s fashion since the 1960s, particularly as informed by the popular novel, Marcela Serrano’s Nosotras que nos queremos tanto (1991), as well as other popular culture sources. Serrano’s first novel sets the precedent for the author’s elaborate fashion descriptions, arguably the most style detailed of her oeuvre. Nosotrastells the stories—in vivid fashion-laden descriptions—of four best friends who reunite at a lakeside house in southern Chile and serves as a springboard to explore some of the national and socioeconomic concerns of fashion that not only historically mark Chile’s evolving fashion realm but also occupy the country’s current fashion discourse. I will analyze the author and her characters’ deliberate use of clothing, permitting Serrano’s protagonists to rip out the seams of class and gender confinement. Through fashion choices that provide an alternate means of expression, the characters walk the runway into an expanded political sphere, presenting newfound possibilities for often silenced voices.

http://am6ya8ud8k.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQ%3Adaai&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fashion+Theory&rft.atitle=Fashioning+Female+Identities+and+Political+Resistance+in+Contemporary+Chile.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+Stephanie&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=551&rft.isbn=&rft.btitle=&rft.title=Fashion+Theory&rft.issn=1362704X&rft_id=info:doi/10.2752%2F175174114X14042383562100

In a similar manner, exposure to literature also remains a luxury for

many in Chile due to the exorbitant cost of books.

September 11, 2013 marked the forty-year anniversary of the Augusto

Pinochet’s coup d’état. Protests and violence plagued the capital’s streets,

a reminder of the problematic necessity of memory, which still hovers

over the nation almost twenty-five years after the plebiscite. Tomás

Moulian in Chile Actual: Anatomía de un mito (1997) speaks of the

compulsion to forget, a type of memory block that, according to the historian,

stunts the country’s ability to move forward (1997: 31).

such as the Museo de la memoria (Memory Museum), inaugurated

in 2010 during the presidency of Michelle Bachelet, provide a

physical space for the process of memory.



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macroeconomic policies contributed to the poverty of vulnerable social groups, including indigenous peoples, and income distribution tended to become more inequitable. Free trade policies and the opening up of the national economies went in tandem with the introduction of market-oriented policies regarding natural resources, including water, and an intensification of natural resource exploitation. The new multiculturalism fitted into the process of dismantling the state and transforming social policies, which were already deficient, into targeted programmes aiming to ‘help the poor help themselves’. Within this framework the new multiculturalism purported to be culturally sensitive; but this sensitivity goes hand in hand with regulating the lives of aid programme beneficiaries. 3 ‘Participation’, ‘human capital’ and ‘social capital’ became key words in the new discourse. Mexican ‘neo-indigenism’ (Hernández et al, 2004) is emblematic in this sense. The projects promoted by Mexican regional development funds, for example, are often business oriented and seek to transform communities into community enterprises. These projects ignore alternative visions of devel- opment based on organic agriculture, notions of territoriality, food security and collective rights to natural resources, as well as local forms of water manage- ment. 4 In Colombia the hopes generated by the 1991 constitutional reform have been dashed and indigenous access to territories has increasingly become condi- tioned upon accepting development projects in cooperation with the private sector. In Bolivia, mining, petroleum and forestry concessions frequently overlapped with the TCOs. In both Colombia and Mexico, mega-projects such as the development of the Pacific Coast or the Puebla-Panama Plan threaten indigenous and other rural peoples and their livelihoods. The case of Bolivia, however, is suggestive of the shift in policy orientations that is occurring in the region. The Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) is an exponent of the ‘new Latin American left’ and the search for alternatives to the hitherto dominant neoliberal model. The new Latin American left is extremely diverse and the search for alternatives is an ongoing process (Barrett et al, 2008). Some elements, however, seem to emerge: a newly enhanced role for the state in the economy and in natural resource management and the distribution of benefits; a renewal of social policies and efforts to create a more beneficial economic climate for the poorer sectors of the population; experiments with forms of democracy that complement electoral democracy and a more benefi- cial stance towards indigenous peoples that may go beyond neoliberal multiculturalism. This chapter has discussed the example of the Bolivian irriga- tion legislation. More broadly, one might point to the processes of constitutional reform in countries such as Ecuador or Bolivia. As in Bolivia, the new Ecuador Constitution defines the right to water as a fundamental human right, indispensable for ‘living well’. Whether this results in concrete policies remains to be seen – a key issue that several of the following chapters will examine. In the case of Ecuador, for example, the relationship between the indigenous movement and the Rafael Correa government is rather tense, particularly due to disagreements over natural resource management and exploitation.

Boelens, R., Getches, D. and Guevara Gil, J. (2012). Out of the mainstream. London: Earthscan.

Week 3

Recognition memory for objects, place, and temporal order: A disconnection analysis of the role of the medial prefrontal cortex and perirhinal cortex.

Recognition memory requires judgments of the previous occurrence of stimuli made on the basis of the relative familiarity of individual objects, or by integrating information concerning objects and location, or by using recency information. The present study examined the role of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and perirhinal cortex (PRH) in these distinct recognition memory processes using a series of behavioral tests: a novel object preference task, an object-in-place task, and a temporal order memory task. Also, a disconnection procedure was used to test whether these regions form components of an integrated system for recognition memory. 

environmental physiology

1. Environmental psychology is an interdisciplinary field focused on the interplay between individuals and their surroundings. The field defines the term environment broadly, encompassing natural environments, social settings, built environments, learning environments, and informational environments.

   
   

   http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rdeyoung/envtpsych.html

   The goals of this paper are to introduce environmental psychology, explain how it emerged from the study of human-environment interactions and note how it has redefined what we mean by the terms nature and environment.

   
   

         Here too is another discovery of environmental psychology. Something counts as nature even if it does not contain DNA. The wind through the leaves, the flow of water, the smell of a spring rainstorm, moonrises and ocean waves are all experienced as part of nature and have potential psychological effect. 

   
   

   But a perhaps more fundamental insight of environmental psychology comes from its broad conceptualization of what constitutes an environment. It borrows from cognitive psychology the notion that all environments are patterns of information and that people are fundamentally information-processing organisms, deeply motivated to remain informationally, and thus environmentally, competent. In their pursuit of goals, humans need both to understand current environmental patterns and to continuously expand their proficiency by exploring and learning from new patterns. 

   
   

   The shift here is subtle. The focus is not on specific groups, single personality traits or particular psychological mechanisms. Rather, environmental psychology explores the environmental context of human behavior and wellbeing. This context might be physical (e.g., home, office, park), social, conceptual (e.g., design, narrative), vast or small. It might be known from direct experience or from becoming pre-familiarized with something not yet present, something that might be experienced only indirectly though stories or simulations. The latter is possible because one of the astonishing effects of our information-processing capability is our being able to feel at home in a place we do not yet inhabit.

   
   

   Attention restoration theory (Kaplan 1995, 2001) explains this apparent contradiction. This theory builds on the distinction between two forms of attention called fascination and directed attention. The former, fascination, is involuntary attention; it requires no significant effort and is not under volitional control. Fascination is experienced when, out of innate interest or curiosity, certain objects or processes effortlessly engage our thoughts. William James provided a list of such innately fascinating stimuli:  "strange things, moving things, wild animals, bright things, pretty things, blows, blood, etc. etc. etc." (1892/1985). The potential significance of such objects argues for why this form of attention does not fatigue; it is adaptive that such things continue to rivet our attention even if encountered repeatedly. - See more at:
   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   Bonnes, M & Secchiaroli, G. (1995) Environmental Psychology: A Psycho-social Introduction. Sage Publications.

   
   

   

   

   
   

   

   
   

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   Games, Abram (1914–1996), poster artist and graphic designer, was born on 29 July 1914 in Whitechapel, London, the second of three children of Joseph Gamse (1877–1974), portrait and commercial photographer, and Sarah, née Rosenberg (1885–1969), seamstress, whose emigrant family were woollen merchants from Łódź on the Russo-Polish border. Joseph Gamse was born in Latvia and served in the imperial Russian army before emigrating to England in 1904. In 1926 he changed the family name from Gamse to Games. Abram's early education was in the East End of London, at Millfields Road primary school, Clapton, and the Grocers' Company's (Hackney Downs) School (1925–9).

   
   

   He designed famous symbols for the 1951 Festival of Britain (1948), BBC television (1953), and the queen's award to industry (1965). In 1957 he became OBE and, in 1959, was appointed royal designer for industry (RDI). He was a visiting lecturer at the Royal College of Art, London (1946–53), and in Israel.

   
   

   http://www.oxforddnb.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/view/article/63215

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   The Festival of Britain in 1951 transformed the way people saw their war-ravaged nation. Giving Britons an intimate experience of contemporary design and modern building, it helped them accept a landscape under reconstruction, and brought hope of a better world to come. The Festival of Britain: A Land and Its People travels beyond the Festival’s spectacular centrepiece at London’s South Bank, to events held the length and breadth of the four nations, to which hundreds of the country’s greatest architects, artists and designers contributed. It explores exhibitions in Poplar, Battersea and South Kensington in London; Belfast, Glasgow and Wales; a touring show carried on four lorries and another aboard an ex-aircraft carrier. It reveals how all these exhibitions and also plays, poetry, art and films commissioned for the Festival had a single focus: to unite ‘the land and people of Britain’._x000D_ _x000D_ Drawing on ten thousand previously unseen sketches and plans, photographs and fascinating interviews, Harriet Atkinson unveils how the Festival made the whole country an exhibition ground. Everything was on show from homes to farms and factories, and the land itself. She reveals the Festival’s genesis in wartime propaganda and international exhibitions and how_x000D_ the events gave people a good time while presenting the nation as a model democracy as Britain entered the Cold War. Ultimately, the Festival served to rekindle a downtrodden population’s love for a disfigured landscape. The Festival of Britain: A Land and Its People is a compelling exploration of these unparalleled events.

   
   

   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   The Festival of Britain: a land and its people

   by Atkinson, Harriet; Banham, Mary

   2012

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   visually the country is made up of all kind of agricultural environments and habitats. This must inform my design process because the visual aspect of the country is vital and the first memories I have obtained in my memory are from photos and books from an infant.

   
   

   

   desert

   
   

   

   rainforest

   
   

   

   
   

   Antarctic

   
   

   

   
   

   The mountains: The andes

   
   

   

   
   

   Urban Life

   
   

   Santander is my mothers maiden name, Santander is a Spanish last name. I have found that my family ancestors are both Spanish and Native Chilean. When in 1541 the Spanish invasion began and the Spanish soilders  would "have their way" with the native Chilean indian women and many people half chilean half Spanish were born.

   
   

   There is a huge serration between native and modern Chileans. The natives are called Mapuche's, I have passed many houses that look like this, in Villa rica where my uncle lives.

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   One of my mothers best friends at university was a mapuche, for christmas she gave my mum a whole turkey to take on the bus (overnight journey) to take it home. This is one of my favourite stories. She also remembers that people would throw rocks at her friend, because of the divide. The reason why a lot of people didn't want there, is as their ansestors owned the land, they didn't have any papers for it, any legal documents. There have been times when govermont have forced them to move and take the land as they do not legally own it, there are always protests about this kind of stuff.

   
   

   "Land disputes and violent confrontations continue in some Mapuche areas, particularly in the northern sections of the Araucanía region between and around Traiguén and Lumaco. In an effort to defuse tensions, the Commission for Historical Truth and New Treatments issued a report in 2003 calling for drastic changes in Chile's treatment of its indigenous people, more than 80 percent of whom are Mapuche. The recommendations included the formal recognition of political and "territorial" rights for indigenous peoples, as well as efforts to promote their cultural identities."

   
   

   "In recent years, the delicts committed by Mapuche activists have been prosecuted under counter-terrorism legislation, originally introduced by the military dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet to control political dissidents. The law allows prosecutors to withhold evidence from the defense for up to six months and to conceal the identity of witnesses, who may give evidence in court behind screens. Violent activist groups, such as the Coordinadora Arauco Malleco (an extremist Chilean Communist Party branch), use tactics such as burning of structures and pastures, and death threats against people and their families. Protesters from Mapuche communities have used these tactics against properties of both multinational forestry corporations and private individuals.^[36][37] In 2010 the Mapuche launched a number of hunger strikes in attempts to effect change in the anti-terrorism legislation.^["

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   mapuche symbols

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   Chile & it's soil

   There was a lot of nutrients in the country, which is why it has been the target for so much exploration. 

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

   
   

Week 2

Memories & places in/differnt spaces - place and memory in visual culture by victor burgin Burgin,

V. (1996). In/different spaces. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Chapter Brecciated Time We use the word in speaking of such different notions as "simultaneity", succession" "duration, "past" "present" and future. We say that time "passes slowly" if we do not. We habitually distinguish between time as it is "in reality" and time as it appears to us - few would dispute that "clock time" and objective time are different things. Two philosophical traditions correspond to these different aspects of prevailing common sense notions of time. In the former, serving mainly from Newton, time is an objective fact. Uninfluenced by objects and events, time- together wutg sauce - forms the "container" in which objects and events take place. Characterised by uniform and unidirectional flow, time is an absolute and irreducible condition of the physical universe. It is quite simply part of the way things are. It is characteristic of our memory, Freud observes, that the reproduction of our lives as a "connected chain of events" begins "only from the sixth or seventh year onwards - in many cases only after the tenth year" * On the one hand, memories of occurrences before these years tend to be fragmentary and unrelated to each other. Moreover, they rarely seem to concern events of any real importance. On the other hand, the earliest memories we have often posses a vivid sensory intensity that more recent memories usually lack

 [*look at freud screen memories]

 Memories can contain senses from films which may niurn be films of memory. As the documentary filmamker David MacDougal remarsds "If memory itself is selective and ideological, films of memory redouble this and add further codes of cultural convention" * In his essay of 1992 about "films of memory" macdougal is critical of that familiar "in-ematic subgenera whose ritual ingredients are waging faces . . . fetish-objects from the past, old photographs, achival footage and music. . . a subgenera which purports to tell us our true, unwritten history through the testmony of both ordinary people and famous eye witnesses 180

 *David MacDougal, "Films of memory" in Taylor, Visualising Theory 261

Where does Chilean design live?

Architeture

Alejandro Aravena’s inspiring presentation of social housing projects by his practice Elemental was all about solutions. Put on by Urban Age, the event was a spin-off from this programme’s dizzyingly cosmopolitan run round global cities in search of answers to the issues thrown up by our growing addiction to living in mega-cities.

While the Chilean practice’s work was specific to issues of South American middle income homebuyers, its wider relevance wouldn’t have been lost on anyone in the audience. As Ricky Burdett summed up in the discussion afterwards, the talk reminded us that the core quandaries of housing (or wider city making) are “achieving resilience, density and not being over-deterministic” — in other words, making buildings that deal with real life (ie economics), efficiently employ resources, and seriously address how on earth we can have a snowball’s chance in hell of adapting to change.

Of course, talk of sustainability can be heard the world over, and too often veers into empty mantra. What makes you sit up and listen here is that not only is the argument cogent and the examples real, but Aravena places architects central to change. He communicates in a way that would win over even those most cynical about what architects can contribute beyond aesthetic arbitration.

Aravena’s presentation centred on the Quinta Monroy housing development in Iquique, northern Chile. Starting from the economic realities of government subsidies for low to middle income housing, the architect’s task was described as a simple one: achieving as much as you could for the meagre amount available. Showing the norm (a grim 25sq m house in the middle of a moderately sized plot), the architect identified the main problem as the fact that the box is soon mobbed by a chaos of extensions, irrevocably giving the area the appearance (and reputation) of a shanty town.

Aravena’s solution is to build “half a house” of more adequate dimensions for the same money, leaving the precisely described gaps within which the remainder could be completed through self-build. The resultant terraces of densely packed concrete framed buildings are then feasible on more centrally located (and therefore costly) land. This allows low-cost housing to remain within denser cities, rather than enforcing permanent exile and the tyranny of the long commute that is the reality in many South American cities. It is not completely new as an idea, but compellingly described: the architectural resolution of a financial problem. 

Aravena manages to combine an understanding of economic realities with an impressive understanding of what really matters. The observation that “the damage caused to family life when a couple can’t have intimacy is enormous” drives an interest in room dimensions to ensure that you can just — but only just — fit a double bed in a room. Being so upfront about the allocation of scarce resources appears to have brought clarity to resident consultation, treating them as adults needing to chose between conflicting priorities, rather than the “where would you like to live” approach so often adopted here.

Architects’ lateral thinking on problem-solving is clearly a unique selling point for an increasingly marginalised profession. With these schemes on the other side of the world, Alejandro Aravena shockingly reminded us quite how distracted architecture can be, spending inordinate effort solving either wrong or irrelevant problems, or problems we dream up ourselves.

 http://www.dezeen.com/2014/11/05/elemental-innovation-center-uc-anacleto-angelini-university-concrete-santiago-chile/

Elemental designed the 8,176-square-metre Innovation Center UC – Anacleto Angelini on the campus of the Universidad Católica de Chile, in Santiago. The 14-storey building, which includes three floors underground, was created as a space where companies and businesses could converge with researchers.

The client requested a building with a "contemporary look" but the studio felt a "professional responsibility" to avoid the environmental and design pitfalls of the glass-fronted buildings typically associated with innovation in the Chilean capital.

"This building had to respond to the client's expectation of having an innovation centre with a 'contemporary look'," said studio director Alejandro Aravena, "but the uncritical search for the contemporary has populated Santiago with glass towers that due to the desert climatic local condition have serious greenhouse effect in the interiors."

"From a stylistic point of view, we thought of using a rather strict geometry and strong monolithic materiality as a way to replace trendiness by timelessness," said the design team, whose previous projects also include a cantilevering concrete pavilion on a Mexican pilgrimage route.

A team of Chilean architects has completed a new business faculty for Diego Portales University comprising a pair of concrete boxes with balconies and terraces slotted over, under and through them

"With the location of the new campus, the faculty seeks to build a strong link between its academic development and the professional reality, as it is at one of the most important business centres in the city," said the architects.

With an ambition to create structures "with weight that speaks of permanence and stability", the team designed a complex made up of three main blocks that are arranged around staggered terraces to follow the natural slope of the landscape.

"The project seeks to build a connection beyond its neighbours, with its geographic environment," said the architects. "It takes advantage of the slope to render the courtyards dominant over the territory, and builds terraces at different heights, as well as a roof garden, that connects the everyday life of the project with the distant geography."

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Most of my family that live in the centre, have add ons to their house that they constructed themselves. These DIY processes is something that is something I do. I like to get hands on within my work and do all the processes myself

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Looking at my work as a whole
are there any influences in my practice?

Visually I know my main influences have been English and European design, it's easy to see that. But I'm starting to realise that it's the processes, and my need to push myself that is really coming from my latin background. 

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Week 1

Working title:
 How Chile’s history and culture has influenced me as a designer

 The Chile reader
 After the arrest of the ex-dictator Augusto pinochet in 1998 and again during a wave of 2011 student protests, Chileans engaged in passionate debates about their society that were simultaneously debates about the country’s past for much of history, Chile has embraces the mantle os exceptional-ism and the relationship of Chile’s past and present been touted for it’s economic performance, political stability and modernity. In fact this aura of historical exceptoinlism itself has a long history. Chile does indeed appear at first glance to be a country with “a crazy geography” in the famous words of the esseyist Benjamin Subercaseaux. Staddled by two mountain cordilleras, the andes and the costal range, the coutnry extends 2.600miles in legth along the Pacific Ocean coast and averages only just over 100 miles in width. The pacific on the west, the andes cordillera to the east, the atacama desert to the north Gebriela mistral this childean will to overcome tje stramhe historical fate of georgraphy alsoled childeans, she argues, to work tenaciously for the development of the nation. in 1940 when during protests marches against a new government a young woman named Ramona Parra, was shot and killed, she became a symbol of struggle for liberation and the fight against tyranny. Her memory became immortalized through the underground art movement that decorates the streets of Santiago with illegal art and political slogans in favour of human rights. The art collective that calls itself the Brigada Ramona Parra travels the world making murals protesting against the global tendency towards capitalism. This incipient muralist movement of the 1940s, was influenced by the Chilean visit of Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros.

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 The 2011–2013 Chilean protests —
known as the Chilean Winter (in particular reference to the massive protests of August 2011) or the Chilean Education Conflict (as labelled in Chilean media) — are a series of ongoing student-led protests across Chile, demanding a new framework for education in the country, including more direct state participation in secondary education and an end to the existence of profit in higher education. Currently in Chile, only 45% of high school students study in traditional public schools and most universities are also private. No new public universities have been built since the end of the Chilean transition to democracy in 1990, even though the number of university students has swelled. Beyond the specific demands regarding education, there is a feeling that the protests reflect a "deep discontent" among some parts of society with Chile's high level of inequality. Protests have included massive non-violent marches, but also a considerable amount of violence on the part of a side of protestors as well as riot police. The first clear government response to the protests was a proposal for a new education fund and a cabinet shuffle which replaced Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín and was seen as not fundamentally addressing student movement concerns. Other government proposals were also rejected. Student protestors have not achieved all their objectives, but they contributed to a dramatic fall in Piñera's approval rating, which was measured at 26%–30% in August 2011 polls by respected Chilean pollsters and have not increased as of January 2012.
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Chilean graphic artists have expressed themselves in the street art. For instance; in 1940 when during protests marches against a new government a young woman named Ramona Parra, was shot and killed, she became a symbol of struggle for liberation and the fight against tyranny. Her memory became immortalized through the underground art movement that decorates the streets of Santiago with illegal art and political slogans in favour of human rights. During the 1970-73 Chileans communicated with immense and magnified murals in vibrant colors that expressed their hope and desire for justice, freedom, and respect for human rights in a symbolic language of determined faces, hands that held banners, mothers that held their infants and birds that basked in the sunshine. A few poster artists were also trying to use a symbolic language, that like the secret communications of the early church, used signs and symbols to convey their defiant messages of anti-fascism. Unfortunately, Pinochet regime whitewashed all those murals and destroyed most of those posters. Today there are only a few sample of posters available, while some graphic artists have tried to recreate some of those murals. Guity-novin.blogspot.co.uk, (2014). A History of Graphic Design: Chapter 49: Graphic design in Latin America, Part II; Cuba, Argentina, Brazil & Chile.
[online] Available at: http://guity-novin.blogspot.co.uk/2011/12/graphic-design-in-latin-america-part-ii.html#Four [Accessed 18 Nov. 2014].

 In the 1960s he wrote songs of protest against the ruling elite of his country. He was one of the founding fathers of Chile's 'New Song' movement which in 1970 helped elect the democratic popular unity government of Salvador Allente. As a result Chile's right wing hated him. On 11 September 1973 Victor Jara had been due to sing in the Santiago University. Instead, with the coup of General Augusto Pinochet, underway, he was arrested and led to Santiago's boxing stadium. Over four days he was tortured, beaten, electrocuted, his hands and wrists broken, before finally being machine-gunned to death, at the age of 38. His widow, Joan, says his body was thrown to the street, and was later found in the morgue "among lots and lots of anonymous bodies" that she saw that day. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/165363.stm

 Caravan of death

14thousand and 18 3 thousand people were killed or ‘dissaperd’ pinchochet said he wanted to put an end to it all Among the most infamous methods of murder involved Pinochet's henchmen dropping pregnant women out of aeroplanes. He believed this was a way of avenging soldiers killed by Allende's supporters. He was quoted to have said "If you kill the bitch, you kill off the offspring." Chilean student movement privatisation of education a reverse process seems to have happened in the Chilean press. During the years of military rule, a nuber of opposition magazines flourished. Although they were often closed down or their edotors and journalists arrested they kept alive political and social debate, and were eagerly awaited each week, however these magazines have mostly disappeared because they could no longer command a significant readership take photographs of my house review previous work do you want to make it more pronounced as a style, whilst bringing it up to date ask 3 people, write them a brief, simple, where does this design influence live, in that country packaging - feels old get all the work out things that connect us to places read theory •next week if katy’s lecture overruns, just reschedule for next week